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Class 7 English - Lesson 10: A Visit to Nainital


Welcome to PoraGhar Axom! Here you will find the most accurate and complete solutions for Assam Jatiya Bidyalay Class 7 English - Lesson 10: A Visit to Nainital. In this post, we provide a line-by-line Assamese translation, word meanings, textbook Q&A, Verb Forms, and detailed grammar explanations (Modal Auxiliaries, Phrasal Verbs & Idioms) along with special Study Tips to help you score 90%+ in your exams.

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Did You Know? (āĻ•িāĻŦা āϜাāύাāύে?)

Jim Corbett National Park is the oldest national park in India, established in 1936! Jim Corbett, after whom the park is named, never killed animals for sport. He only hunted man-eating tigers and leopards to save the lives of innocent villagers.

📖 Quick Chapter Overview

This chapter narrates Arpita's visit to Nainital, where she goes to the Jim Corbett National Park with her uncle. Her uncle shares the fascinating history of Jim Corbett, who was born in Nainital. Although known as a hunter who killed 33 notorious man-eating tigers and leopards (including the Champawat tiger and the Panar leopard), he was actually a great nature lover and conservationist. He hunted on foot, often with his dog Robin, and always ensured that no other animals were harmed unnecessarily. To honor his contribution to wildlife protection, India's oldest national park was named after him.

1. Lesson Text & Translation

Before you read:

Have you ever been to a hill station?
āφāĻĒুāύি āĻ•েāϤিāϝ়াāĻŦা āĻĒাāĻšাā§°ীāϝ়া āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্ā§°āϞৈ āĻ—ৈāĻ›েāύে?

Have you ever visited a national park?
āφāĻĒুāύি āĻ•েāϤিāϝ়াāĻŦা ā§°াāώ্āϟ্ā§°ীāϝ় āωāĻĻ্āϝাāύāϞৈ āĻ—ৈāĻ›েāύে?

Do you know how many national parks are there in Assam?
āĻ…āϏāĻŽāϤ āĻ•িāĻŽাāύāĻ–āύ ā§°াāώ্āϟ্ā§°ীāϝ় āωāĻĻ্āϝাāύ āφāĻ›ে āφāĻĒুāύি āϜাāύেāύে?

Arpita is spending her summer vacation with her parents in Nainital.

āĻ…ā§°্āĻĒিāϤাāχ āĻŽাāĻ•-āĻĻেāωāϤাāϕ⧰ āϞāĻ—āϤ āύৈāύিāϤাāϞāϤ āĻ—্ā§°ীāώ্āĻŽāĻ•াāϞ⧰ āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻ•āϟাāχāĻ›ে।

Nainital is a popular hill station of Uttarakhand.

āύৈāύিāϤাāϞ āωāϤ্āϤ⧰াāĻ–āĻŖ্āĻĄā§° āĻāĻ–āύ āϜāύāĻĒ্ā§°িāϝ় āĻĒাāĻšাā§°ীāϝ়া āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্ā§°।

It is one of the best hill stations in India and is famous for its various natural attractions.

āχ āĻ­াā§°āϤ⧰ āĻ…āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻļ্ā§°েāώ্āĻ  āĻĒাāĻšাā§°ীāϝ়া āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্ā§° āφ⧰ু āχāϝ়াā§° āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĒ্ā§°াāĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āφāϕ⧰্āώāĻŖā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻŦিāĻ–্āϝাāϤ।

Arpita's maternal uncle Mr Aditya Sarma lives there with his family.

āĻ…ā§°্āĻĒিāϤাā§° āĻŽোāĻŽাāϝ়েāĻ• āĻŽৃāĻŖাāϞ āφāĻĻিāϤ্āϝ āĻļā§°্āĻŽা āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻĒā§°িāϝ়াāϞ⧰ āϏৈāϤে āϤাāϤ āĻŦাāϏ āϕ⧰ে।

He works at the Jim Corbett National Park.

āϤেāĻ“ঁ āϜিāĻŽ āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟ ā§°াāώ্āϟ্ā§°ীāϝ় āωāĻĻ্āϝাāύāϤ āĻ•াāĻŽ āϕ⧰ে।

So Arpita and her parents are staying at his residence.

āϏেāϝ়েāĻšে āĻ…ā§°্āĻĒিāϤা āφ⧰ু āϤাāχ⧰ āĻŽাāĻ•-āĻĻেāωāϤাāĻ• āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻŦাāϏāĻ­ā§ąāύāϤ āφāϞāĻšী āĻšৈ āφāĻ›ে।

Arpita expresses her eagerness to visit the Jim Corbett National Park.

āĻ…ā§°্āĻĒিāϤাāχ āϜিāĻŽ āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟ ā§°াāώ্āϟ্ā§°ীāϝ় āωāĻĻ্āϝাāύ āĻ­্ā§°āĻŽāĻŖ āϕ⧰াā§° āφāĻ—্ā§°āĻš āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াāĻļ āϕ⧰ে।

So her uncle takes her with her cousins to visit the park.

āϏেāϝ়েāĻšে āϤাāχ⧰ āĻŽোāĻŽাāϝ়েāĻ•ে āϤাāχāĻ• āφ⧰ু āϤাāχ⧰ āĻ­াāχ-āĻ­āύীāĻšঁāϤāĻ• āωāĻĻ্āϝাāύāĻ–āύ āϚাāĻŦāϞৈ āϞৈ āϝাāϝ়।

As they go around the park, Mr Aditya Sarma shares a lot of information about the park and Jim Corbett with them.

āωāĻĻ্āϝাāύāĻ–āύāϤ āϘূā§°ি āĻĢুā§°াā§° āϏāĻŽāϝ়āϤ, āĻļ্ā§°ীāϝুāϤ āφāĻĻিāϤ্āϝ āĻļā§°্āĻŽাāχ āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āϏৈāϤে āωāĻĻ্āϝাāύāĻ–āύ āφ⧰ু āϜিāĻŽ āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟ⧰ āĻŦিāώāϝ়ে āĻŦāĻšুāϤো āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻ­াāĻ—-āĻŦāϤ⧰া āϕ⧰ে।

Mr Aditya Sarma: Arpita, do you know that the Jim Corbett National Park is the oldest national park in India?

āĻļ্ā§°ীāϝুāϤ āφāĻĻিāϤ্āϝ āĻļā§°্āĻŽা: āĻ…ā§°্āĻĒিāϤা, āϤুāĻŽি āϜাāύাāύে āϝে āϜিāĻŽ āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟ ā§°াāώ্āϟ্ā§°ীāϝ় āωāĻĻ্āϝাāύ āĻ­াā§°āϤ⧰ āφāϟাāχāϤāĻ•ৈ āĻĒুā§°āĻŖি ā§°াāώ্āϟ্ā§°ীāϝ় āωāĻĻ্āϝাāύ?

It was established in 1936 as the Hailey National Park to protect the endangered Bengal tigers.

āĻŦিāϞুāĻĒ্āϤāĻĒ্ā§°াāϝ় āĻŦংāĻ—ীāϝ় āĻŦাāϘāĻ• āϏুā§°āĻ•্āώা āĻĻিāϝ়াā§° āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝে ā§§ā§¯ā§Šā§Ŧ āϚāύāϤ āχāϝ়াāĻ• āĻšেāχāϞী ā§°াāώ্āϟ্ā§°ীāϝ় āωāĻĻ্āϝাāύ āĻšিāϚাāĻĒে āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāώ্āĻ া āϕ⧰া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ।

The park was renamed in 1954-55 as the Ramganga National Park and was again renamed in 1955-56 as the Corbett National Park.

⧧⧝ā§Ģā§Ē-ā§Ģā§Ģ āϚāύāϤ āĻāχ āωāĻĻ্āϝাāύāĻ–āύ⧰ āύাāĻŽ āϏāϞāύি āϕ⧰ি ā§°াāĻŽāĻ—ংāĻ—া ā§°াāώ্āϟ্ā§°ীāϝ় āωāĻĻ্āϝাāύ ā§°āĻ–া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ āφ⧰ু ⧧⧝ā§Ģā§Ģ-ā§Ģā§Ŧ āϚāύāϤ āĻĒুāύ⧰ āχāϝ়াā§° āύাāĻŽ āϏāϞāύি āϕ⧰ি āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟ ā§°াāώ্āϟ্ā§°ীāϝ় āωāĻĻ্āϝাāύ ā§°āĻ–া āĻšāϝ়।

This new name honours the well-known author and naturalist, Jim Corbett.

āĻāχ āύāϤুāύ āύাāĻŽāϟোā§ąে āϏুāĻĒā§°িāϚিāϤ āϞেāĻ–āĻ• āφ⧰ু āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•ৃāϤিāĻŦিāĻĻ āϜিāĻŽ āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟāĻ• āϏāύ্āĻŽাāύ āϜāύাāϝ়।

Arpita: Uncle, Jim Corbett was a hunter, wasn't he?

āĻ…ā§°্āĻĒিāϤা: āĻŽাāĻŽা, āϜিāĻŽ āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟ āĻāϜāύ āϚিāĻ•াā§°ী āφāĻ›িāϞ, āύāĻšāϝ় āϜাāύো?

Mr Aditya Sarma: Yes, you are right. But he is better known as a conservationist.

āĻļ্ā§°ীāϝুāϤ āφāĻĻিāϤ্āϝ āĻļā§°্āĻŽা: āĻšāϝ়, āϤুāĻŽি āĻ িāĻ• āĻ•ৈāĻ›া। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻāϜāύ āϏংā§°āĻ•্āώāĻŖāĻŦাāĻĻী āĻšিāϚাāĻĒেāĻšে āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āĻĒā§°িāϚিāϤ।

To tell the truth he was a nature lover.

āϏঁāϚাāĻ•ৈ āĻ•'āĻŦāϞৈ āĻ—'āϞে āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻāϜāύ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•ৃāϤিāĻĒ্ā§°েāĻŽী āφāĻ›িāϞ।

Jim was fascinated by the forests and wildlife around his home at an early age.

āϜিāĻŽ āϏ⧰ু āĻ•াāϞāϤেāχ āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āϘ⧰⧰ āϚাā§°িāĻ“āĻĢাāϞে āĻĨāĻ•া āĻ…ā§°āĻŖ্āϝ āφ⧰ু āĻŦāύ্āϝāĻĒ্ā§°াāĻŖীā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āφāϕ⧰্āώিāϤ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ।

Alone he spent nights in the jungle in order to become familiar with the creatures, their movements and habits.

āĻĒ্ā§°াāĻŖীāĻŦোā§°, āϏিāĻšঁāϤ⧰ āϚাāϞ-āϚāϞāύ āφ⧰ু āϏ্āĻŦāĻ­াā§ąā§° āϏৈāϤে āĻĒā§°িāϚিāϤ āĻš'āĻŦāϞৈ āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻ…āĻ•āϞāĻļā§°ে āĻšাāĻŦিāϤ ā§°াāϤি āĻ•āϟাāχāĻ›িāϞ।

Arpita: Tell us about his life and his family.

āĻ…ā§°্āĻĒিāϤা: āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āϜীā§ąāύ āφ⧰ু āĻĒā§°িāϝ়াāϞ⧰ āĻŦিāώāϝ়ে āφāĻŽাāĻ• āĻ•āĻ“āĻ•āϚোāύ।

Mr Aditya Sarma: Edward James Corbett or better known as Jim Corbett was born on 25 July, 1875 in the town of Nainital.

āĻļ্ā§°ীāϝুāϤ āφāĻĻিāϤ্āϝ āĻļā§°্āĻŽা: āĻāĻĄā§ąাā§°্āĻĄ āϜেāĻŽāĻ› āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟ āĻŦা āϜিāĻŽ āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟ āύাāĻŽেā§°ে āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āĻĒā§°িāϚিāϤ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāϜāύ⧰ ā§§ā§Žā§­ā§Ģ āϚāύ⧰ ⧍ā§Ģ āϜুāϞাāχāϤ āύৈāύিāϤাāϞ āϚāĻšā§°āϤ āϜāύ্āĻŽ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ।

His family was a large one. Jim's father was a postmaster in Nainital.

āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻĒā§°িāϝ়াāϞāϟো āĻāϟা āĻĄাāϙ⧰ āĻĒā§°িāϝ়াāϞ āφāĻ›িāϞ। āϜিāĻŽā§° āĻĻেāωāϤাāĻ• āύৈāύিāϤাāϞ⧰ āĻāϜāύ āĻĒোāώ্āϟāĻŽাāώ্āϟ⧰ āφāĻ›িāϞ।

Jim lost his father when he was about six years old.

āĻĒ্ā§°াāϝ় āĻ›āĻŦāϛ⧰ āĻŦāϝ়āϏāϤেāχ āϜিāĻŽে āύিāϜ⧰ āĻĻেāωāϤাāĻ•āĻ• āĻšেā§°ুā§ąাāχāĻ›িāϞ।

Jim Corbett died on 19 April, 1955 at the age of 79 in Kenya.

⧧⧝ā§Ģā§Ģ āϚāύ⧰ ⧧⧝ āĻāĻĒ্ā§°িāϞāϤ ā§­Ûš āĻŦāϛ⧰ āĻŦāϝ়āϏāϤ āĻ•েāύিāϝ়াāϤ āϜিāĻŽ āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟ⧰ āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝু āĻšāϝ়।

Arpita : What do you mean when you say that Jim Corbett was a conservationist ?

āĻ…ā§°্āĻĒিāϤা: āϜিāĻŽ āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟ āĻāϜāύ āϏংā§°āĻ•্āώāĻŖāĻŦাāĻĻী āφāĻ›িāϞ āĻŦুāϞি āĻ•āĻ“ঁāϤে āφāĻĒুāύি āĻ•ি āĻŦুāϜাāĻŦ āĻŦিāϚাā§°িāĻ›ে?

Mr Aditya Sarma: It is rather uncommon to use the words hunter and conservationist to refer to the same person, but that's exactly what Jim Corbett was.

āĻļ্ā§°ীāϝুāϤ āφāĻĻিāϤ্āϝ āĻļā§°্āĻŽা: āĻāĻ•েāϜāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāĻ• āĻŦুāϜাāĻŦāϞৈ āϚিāĻ•াā§°ী āφ⧰ু āϏংā§°āĻ•্āώāĻŖāĻŦাāĻĻী āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻ āĻĻুāϟা āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰াāϟো āĻ…āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াā§ąিāĻ•, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϜিāĻŽ āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•ৃāϤāϤে āϤেāύেāĻ•ুā§ąাāχ āφāĻ›িāϞ।

He was a man who used his hunting prowess for the good of mankind.

āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻāύে āĻāϜāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āφāĻ›িāϞ āϝিāϝ়ে āύিāϜ⧰ āϚিāĻ•াā§° āϕ⧰া āĻĒাā§°āĻĻā§°্āĻļিāϤা āĻŽাāĻ¨ā§ąāϜাāϤিā§° āĻŽংāĻ—āϞ⧰ āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ।

Because of his close interaction with the wildlife, Jim Corbett became a good hunter and tracker.

āĻŦāύ্āϝāĻĒ্ā§°াāĻŖীā§° āϏৈāϤে āĻ“āϤāĻĒ্ā§°োāϤ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒā§°্āĻ• āĻĨāĻ•াā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āϜিāĻŽ āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟ āĻāϜāύ āĻ­াāϞ āϚিāĻ•াā§°ী āφ⧰ু āĻĒāĻĻāϚিāĻš্āύ āĻ…āύুāϏ⧰āĻŖāĻ•াā§°ী (tracker) āĻšৈ āĻĒā§°িāĻ›িāϞ।

He was a conservationist because he took active part in the protection of the environment.

āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻāϜāύ āϏংā§°āĻ•্āώāĻŖāĻŦাāĻĻী āφāĻ›িāϞ āĻ•াā§°āĻŖ āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻĒā§°িā§ąেāĻļ āϏুā§°āĻ•্āώাāϤ āϏāĻ•্ā§°িāϝ় āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্ā§°āĻšāĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ।

Arpita: A good tracker! What does it mean?

āĻ…ā§°্āĻĒিāϤা: āĻāϜāύ āĻ­াāϞ āϟ্ā§°েāĻ•াā§°! āχāϝ়াā§° āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨ āĻ•ি?

Mr Aditya Sarma: Jim Corbett could locate the whereabouts of the tigers when he found their distinctive pug marks. So he was called a good tracker.

āĻļ্ā§°ীāϝুāϤ āφāĻĻিāϤ্āϝ āĻļā§°্āĻŽা: āϜিāĻŽ āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟে āĻŦাāϘ⧰ āύিā§°্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻ–োāϜ⧰ āϚিāύ āĻĻেāĻ–িāϞেāχ āϏিāĻšঁāϤ⧰ āĻ…ā§ąāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āύিā§°্āĻŖāϝ় āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāĻ›িāϞ। āϏেāϝ়েāĻšে āϤেāĻ“ঁāĻ• āĻāϜāύ āĻ­াāϞ āϟ্ā§°েāĻ•াā§° āĻŦুāϞি āĻ•োā§ąা āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ।

Arpita: Did he kill both tigers and leopards ?

āĻ…ā§°্āĻĒিāϤা: āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻŦাāϘ āφ⧰ু āύাāĻšā§°āĻĢুāϟুāĻ•ী āĻĻুāϝ়োāϟাāĻ•ে āĻŽাā§°িāĻ›িāϞ āύেāĻ•ি?

Mr Aditya Sarma: Yes. In one of his books he wrote about it.

āĻļ্ā§°ীāϝুāϤ āφāĻĻিāϤ্āϝ āĻļā§°্āĻŽা: āĻšāϝ়। āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻāĻ–āύ āĻ•িāϤাāĻĒāϤ āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻāχ āĻŦিāώāϝ়ে āϞিāĻ–িāĻ›িāϞ।

He found a major difference between tigers and leopards.

āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻŦাāϘ āφ⧰ু āύাāĻšā§°āĻĢুāϟুāĻ•ীā§° āĻŽাāϜāϤ āĻāϟা āĻĄাāϙ⧰ āĻĒাā§°্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ āĻŦিāϚাā§°ি āĻĒাāχāĻ›িāϞ।

According to him the tigers are easier of the two to track and shoot.

āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻŽāϤে āĻĻুāϝ়োāϟাā§° āĻ­িāϤ⧰āϤ āĻŦাāϘāĻ• āĻ…āύুāϏ⧰āĻŖ āϕ⧰া āφ⧰ু āĻ—ুāϞীāĻ“ā§ąা āϏāĻšāϜ।

When a tiger becomes a man-eater, it loses all fear of human beings.

āϝেāϤিāϝ়া āĻāϟা āĻŦাāϘ āĻŽাāύুāĻšāĻ–োā§ąা āĻšৈ āĻĒā§°ে, āϤেāϤিāϝ়া āχ āĻŽাāύুāĻšā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āĻĨāĻ•া āϏāĻ•āϞো āĻ­āϝ় āĻšেā§°ুā§ąাāχ āĻĒেāϞাāϝ়।

As human beings move about more freely during the daytime than at night, a tiger is able to attack its victims at that time.

āϝিāĻšেāϤু āĻŽাāύুāĻšে ā§°াāϤিāϤāĻ•ৈ āĻĻিāύ⧰ āĻ­াāĻ—āϤ āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤāĻ­াā§ąে āϘূā§°ি āĻĢুā§°ে, āϏেāϝ়েāĻšে āĻŦাāϘ āĻāϟাāχ āϏেāχ āϏāĻŽāϝ়āϤ āύিāϜ⧰ āĻŦāϞিā§° āĻ“āĻĒā§°āϤ āφāĻ•্ā§°āĻŽāĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āϏāĻ•্āώāĻŽ āĻšāϝ়।

On the other hand, a leopard, even after it has killed scores of human beings, never loses its fear of man.

āφāύāĻšাāϤে, āĻāϟা āύাāĻšā§°āĻĢুāϟুāĻ•ীāϝ়ে āĻŦāĻšুāϤো āĻŽাāύুāĻš āĻŽā§°াā§° āĻĒিāĻ›āϤো āĻ•েāϤিāϝ়াāĻ“ āĻŽাāύুāĻšāϞৈ āĻĨāĻ•া āĻ­āϝ় āύেāĻšেā§°ুā§ąাāϝ়।

It is unwilling to face human beings in daylight.

āχ āĻĻিāύ⧰ āĻĒোāĻšā§°āϤ āĻŽাāύুāĻšā§° āϏāύ্āĻŽুāĻ–ীāύ āĻš'āĻŦāϞৈ āĻ…āύিāϚ্āĻ›ুāĻ•।

It secures its prey when they are moving about at night or by breaking into their houses at night.

āχ ā§°াāϤি āϘূā§°ি āĻĢুā§°া āĻ…ā§ąāϏ্āĻĨাāϤ āĻŦা ā§°াāϤি āϘ⧰āϤ āϏোāĻŽাāχ āύিāϜ⧰ āϚিāĻ•াā§° āϏংāĻ—্ā§°āĻš āϕ⧰ে।

Arpita: Is it the habit of tigers and leopards to kill humans and become man-eaters?

āĻ…ā§°্āĻĒিāϤা: āĻŽাāύুāĻš āĻŽā§°া āφ⧰ু āĻŽাāύুāĻšāĻ–োā§ąা āĻšোā§ąাāϟো āĻŦাāϘ āφ⧰ু āύাāĻšā§°āĻĢুāϟুāĻ•ীā§° āϏ্āĻŦāĻ­াā§ą āύেāĻ•ি?

Mr Aditya Sarma: According to Corbett, humans are not the natural prey of tigers.

āĻļ্ā§°ীāϝুāϤ āφāĻĻিāϤ্āϝ āĻļā§°্āĻŽা: āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟ⧰ āĻŽāϤে, āĻŽাāύুāĻš āĻŦাāϘ⧰ āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াā§ąিāĻ• āϚিāĻ•াā§° āύāĻšāϝ়।

When Corbett analyzed the carcasses of the tigers that he had shot, he noticed that they were suffering from certain diseases or earlier unhealed wounds of gunshots or porcupine quills.

āϝেāϤিāϝ়া āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟে āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻ—ুāϞীāϝ়াāχ āĻŽā§°া āĻŦাāϘāĻŦোā§°ā§° āĻŽā§°াāĻļ āĻŦিāĻļ্āϞেāώāĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ, āϤেāϤিāϝ়া āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻŽāύ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āϏেāχāĻŦোā§° āĻ•োāύো ā§°োāĻ—āϤ āĻ­ুāĻ—ি āφāĻ›িāϞ āĻŦা āφāĻ—ā§° āĻŦāύ্āĻĻুāϕ⧰ āĻ—ুāϞী āĻŦা āĻļিāϝ়াāϞāĻ•াঁāχāϟ⧰ āĻ•াঁāχāϟ⧰ āύুāĻļুāĻ•ুā§ąা āϘাঁ āφāĻ›িāϞ।

It is only when tigers become incapable through wounds or old age, they are compelled to become man-eaters.

āĻ•েā§ąāϞ āϝেāϤিāϝ়া āĻŦাāϘāĻŦোā§° āϘাঁ āĻŦা āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧ āĻŦāϝ়āϏ⧰ āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻ…āĻ•্āώāĻŽ āĻšৈ āĻĒā§°ে, āϤেāϤিāϝ়াāĻšে āϏিāĻšঁāϤ āĻŽাāύুāĻšāĻ–োā§ąা āĻš'āĻŦāϞৈ āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻšāϝ়।

Arpita: That's very interesting! Uncle, please tell us about Corbett's hunting experience.

āĻ…ā§°্āĻĒিāϤা: āĻāχāϟো āĻŦā§° āφāĻŽোāĻĻāϜāύāĻ•! āĻŽাāĻŽা, āĻ…āύুāĻ—্ā§°āĻš āϕ⧰ি āφāĻŽাāĻ• āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟ⧰ āϚিāĻ•াā§°ā§° āĻ…āĻ­িāϜ্āĻžāϤাā§° āĻŦিāώāϝ়ে āĻ•āĻ“āĻ•।

Mr Aditya Sarma: Ok, my dear. I am going to tell you everything I know.

āĻļ্ā§°ীāϝুāϤ āφāĻĻিāϤ্āϝ āĻļā§°্āĻŽা: āĻ িāĻ• āφāĻ›ে āĻŽāχāύা। āĻŽāχ āϜāύা āϏāĻ•āϞো āĻ•āĻĨা āϤোāĻŽাāĻ• āĻ•'āĻŦāϞৈ āĻ“āϞাāχāĻ›ো।

Corbett was often asked to kill man eating tigers and leopards by the government of United Provinces (which now comprises the states of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand).

āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟāĻ• āĻĒ্ā§°াāϝ়ে āϏংāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻেāĻļā§° āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ে (āϝি āĻāϤিāϝ়া āωāϤ্āϤ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻেāĻļ āφ⧰ু āωāϤ্āϤ⧰াāĻ–āĻŖ্āĻĄ ā§°াāϜ্āϝāĻ• āϏাāĻŽā§°ি āϞৈāĻ›ে) āĻŽাāύুāĻšāĻ–োā§ąা āĻŦাāϘ āφ⧰ু āύাāĻšā§°āĻĢুāϟুāĻ•ী āĻŽাā§°িāĻŦāϞৈ āĻ•ৈāĻ›িāϞ।

He killed 33 man-eaters of which 19 were tigers and 14 were leopards between 1907 and 1938.

āϤেāĻ“ঁ ⧧⧝ā§Ļā§­ āϚāύ⧰ āĻĒā§°া ā§§ā§¯ā§Šā§Ž āϚāύ⧰ āĻ­িāϤ⧰āϤ ā§Šā§Š āϟা āĻŽাāύুāĻšāĻ–োā§ąা āĻĒ্ā§°াāĻŖী āĻŽাā§°িāĻ›িāϞ āϝাā§° āĻ­িāϤ⧰āϤ ⧧⧝ āϟা āĻŦাāϘ āφ⧰ু ā§§ā§Ē āϟা āύাāĻšā§°āĻĢুāϟুāĻ•ী āφāĻ›িāϞ।

It also included the Champawat tiger which was responsible for 436 recorded deaths and the Panar Leopard which killed 400 people.

āχāϝ়াā§° āĻ­িāϤ⧰āϤ āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাā§ąāϤ⧰ āĻŦাāϘāϟোāĻ“ āφāĻ›িāϞ āϝি ā§Ēā§Šā§Ŧ āϜāύ āϞোāϕ⧰ āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝুā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻĻাāϝ়ী āφāĻ›িāϞ āφ⧰ু āĻĒাāύাā§°ā§° āύাāĻšā§°āĻĢুāϟুāĻ•ীāϟো āϝিāϝ়ে ā§Ēā§Ļā§Ļ āϜāύ āĻŽাāύুāĻšāĻ• āĻŽাā§°িāĻ›িāϞ।

The Leopard of Rudraprayag was said to be responsible for more than 126 deaths.

ā§°ুāĻĻ্ā§°āĻĒ্ā§°āϝ়াāĻ—ā§° āύাāĻšā§°āĻĢুāϟুāĻ•ীāϟো ⧧⧍ā§Ŧ āϜāύāϤāĻ•ৈ āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āϞোāϕ⧰ āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝুā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻĻাāϝ়ী āĻŦুāϞি āĻ•োā§ąা āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ।

Calculating the totals from these accounts, these big cats killed more than 1,200 men, women and children.

āĻāχ āĻšিāϚাāĻĒāϏāĻŽূāĻšā§° āĻĒā§°া āĻŽুāĻ  āĻ—āĻŖāύা āϕ⧰িāϞে āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝাāϝ় āϝে āĻāχ āĻĄাāϙ⧰ āĻŽেāĻ•ুā§°ী āĻĒ্ā§°āϜাāϤিāĻŦোā§°ে ā§§,⧍ā§Ļā§Ļ āϤāĻ•ৈ āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āĻĒুā§°ুāώ, āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āφ⧰ু āĻļিāĻļুāĻ• āĻšāϤ্āϝা āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ।

When pursuing dangerous game, Corbett preferred to hunt alone and on foot.

āĻŦিāĻĒāϜ্āϜāύāĻ• āϚিāĻ•াā§° āĻ…āύুāϏ⧰āĻŖ āϕ⧰াā§° āϏāĻŽāϝ়āϤ, āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟে āĻ…āĻ•āϞāĻļā§°ে āφ⧰ু āĻ–োāϜāĻ•াāĻĸ়ি āϚিāĻ•াā§° āϕ⧰াāϟো āĻĒāĻ›āύ্āĻĻ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ।

He often hunted with Robin, a small dog, which he wrote about in 'Man-Eaters of Kumaon'.

āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻĒ্ā§°াāϝ়ে ā§°āĻŦিāύ āύাāĻŽā§° āĻāϟা āϏ⧰ু āĻ•ুāĻ•ুā§°ā§° āϏৈāϤে āϚিāĻ•াā§° āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ, āϝাā§° āĻŦিāώāϝ়ে āϤেāĻ“ঁ 'āĻŽেāύ-āχāϟাā§°্āĻ› āĻ…ā§ą āĻ•ুāĻŽাāϝ়ুāύ' (Man-Eaters of Kumaon) āύাāĻŽā§° āĻ•িāϤাāĻĒāĻ–āύāϤ āϞিāĻ–িāĻ›িāϞ।

The local people or the villagers of the specific areas always helped Corbett in stalking the big cats and in hunting them.

āύিā§°্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞāĻŦোā§°ā§° āϏ্āĻĨাāύীāϝ় āϞোāĻ• āĻŦা āĻ—াঁā§ąā§° āĻŽাāύুāĻšে āϏāĻĻাāϝ় āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟāĻ• āĻāχ āĻĄাāϙ⧰ āĻŽেāĻ•ুā§°ী āĻĒ্ā§°āϜাāϤিāĻŦোā§°ā§° āϏāύ্āϧাāύ āωāϞিāĻ“ā§ąাāϤ āφ⧰ু āϚিāĻ•াā§° āϕ⧰াāϤ āϏāĻšাāϝ় āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ।

In hunting man-eaters Corbett insisted on two conditions to be fulfilled by the local governments:

āĻŽাāύুāĻšāĻ–োā§ąা āĻĒ্ā§°াāĻŖী āϚিāĻ•াā§° āϕ⧰াā§° āĻ•্āώেāϤ্ā§°āϤ āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟে āϏ্āĻĨাāύীāϝ় āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ে āĻĒূā§°āĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞāĻ—ীāϝ়া āĻĻুāϟা āϚ⧰্āϤ⧰ āĻ“āĻĒā§°āϤ āϜোā§° āĻĻিāĻ›িāϞ:

first, that official reward be withdrawn so that he wouldn't become known as a bounty-hunter of Indian wildlife

āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽāϤে, āϚ⧰āĻ•াā§°ী āĻĒুā§°āϏ্āĻ•াā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϤ্āϝাāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে āϝাāϤে āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻ­াā§°āϤীāϝ় āĻŦāύ্āϝāĻĒ্ā§°াāĻŖীā§° āĻĒুā§°āϏ্āĻ•াā§°ā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āϚিāĻ•াā§° āϕ⧰া āϚিāĻ•াā§°ী (bounty-hunter) āĻšিāϚাāĻĒে āĻĒā§°িāϚিāϤ āύāĻšāϝ়

and second, that other hunters be withdrawn so that he could avoid being accidentally shot at.

āφ⧰ু āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ়āϤে, āφāύ āϚিāĻ•াā§°ীāϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• āĻĒ্ā§°āϤ্āϝাāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে āϝাāϤে āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻ­ুāϞāϤে āĻ•াā§°োāĻŦাā§° āĻ—ুāϞীā§° āφāϘাāϤ āĻĒোā§ąাā§° āĻĒā§°া āĻŦাāϚি āĻĨাāĻ•িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°ে।

The best way to appreciate and enjoy Corbett's adventures today is to read his books.

āφāϜি āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟ⧰ āĻĻুঃāϏাāĻšāϏিāĻ• āĻ•াā§°্āϝ্āϝāϏāĻŽূāĻš āĻŦুāϜি āĻĒাāĻŦāϞৈ āφ⧰ু āωāĻĒāĻ­োāĻ— āϕ⧰াā§° āφāϟাāχāϤāĻ•ৈ āĻ­াāϞ āωāĻĒাāϝ় āĻš'āϞ āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āĻ•িāϤাāĻĒāϏāĻŽূāĻš āĻĒāĻĸ়া।

[After roaming about for three hours, Arpita, along with her cousins and uncle, returns to her uncle's residence.]

[āϤিāύি āϘāĻŖ্āϟা āϧ⧰ি āϘূā§°ি āĻĢুā§°াā§° āĻĒিāĻ›āϤ, āĻ…ā§°্āĻĒিāϤা āϤাāχ⧰ āĻ­াāχ-āĻ­āύী āφ⧰ু āĻŽোāĻŽাāϝ়েāϕ⧰ āϏৈāϤে āĻŽোāĻŽাāϝ়েāϕ⧰ āĻŦাāϏāĻ­ā§ąāύāϞৈ āωāĻ­āϤি āφāĻšে।]

Some of Jim Corbett's books are: My India, The Jim Corbett Omnibus, The Temple Tiger and More Man-Eaters of Kumaon, Tree Tops, Jungle Lore, Man-Eaters of Kumaon, The Man-eating Leopard of Rudraprayag etc.

āϜিāĻŽ āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟ⧰ āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻŽাāύ āĻ•িāϤাāĻĒ āĻš'āϞ: āĻŽাāχ āχāĻŖ্āĻĄিāϝ়া, āĻĻ্āϝ āϜিāĻŽ āϕ⧰্āĻŦেāϟ āĻ…āĻŽāύিāĻŦাāĻ›, āĻĻ্āϝ āϟেāĻŽ্āĻĒāϞ āϟাāχāĻ—াā§° āĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻŽ'ā§° āĻŽেāύ-āχāϟাā§°্āĻ› āĻ…ā§ą āĻ•ুāĻŽাāϝ়ুāύ, āϟ্ā§°ী āϟāĻĒāĻ›, āϜংāϘāϞ āϞ'ā§°, āĻŽেāύ-āχāϟাā§°্āĻ› āĻ…ā§ą āĻ•ুāĻŽাāϝ়ুāύ, āĻĻ্āϝ āĻŽেāύ-āχāϟিং āϞেāĻĒাā§°্āĻĄ āĻ…ā§ą ā§°ুāĻĻ্ā§°āĻĒ্ā§°āϝ়াāĻ— āφāĻĻি।

2. Word Notes (āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻā§° āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨ)

endangered: at risk of no longer existing (āĻŦিāϞুāĻĒ্āϤāĻĒ্ā§°াāϝ়)
conservationist: a person who takes an active part in the protection of the environment (āĻĒā§°িā§ąেāĻļ āϏংā§°āĻ•্āώāĻ• / āϏংā§°āĻ•্āώāĻŖāĻŦাāĻĻী)
prowess: great skill at doing something (āĻĒাā§°āĻĻā§°্āĻļিāϤা / āĻĻāĻ•্āώāϤা)
prey: an animal, a bird etc. that is hunted, killed and eaten by another (āϚিāĻ•াā§°)
man-eater: a wild animal that attacks and eats humans (āĻŽাāύুāĻšāĻ–োā§ąা / āύ⧰āĻ–াāĻĻāĻ• āĻĒ্ā§°াāĻŖী)
carcass: the dead body of an animal (āĻŽৃāϤāĻĻেāĻš / āĻŽā§°াāĻļ)

3. Remember the Words (āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻŦোā§° āĻŽāύāϤ ā§°াāĻ–িāĻŦ)

eagerness: āφāĻ—্ā§°āĻš / āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻ•āĻŖ্āĻ া
established: āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāώ্āĻ া āϕ⧰া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ
endangered: āĻŦিāϞুāĻĒ্āϤāĻĒ্ā§°াāϝ়
conservationist: āϏংā§°āĻ•্āώāĻŖāĻŦাāĻĻী
fascinated: āφāϕ⧰্āώিāϤ āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ
wildlife: āĻŦāύ্āϝāĻĒ্ā§°াāĻŖী
creatures: āϜীā§ą-āϜāύ্āϤু
movements: āϚাāϞ-āϚāϞāύ
postmaster: āĻĒোāώ্āϟāĻŽাāώ্āϟ⧰ / āĻĄাāĻ•āϘ⧰⧰ āĻŽুā§°āĻŦ্āĻŦী
prowess: āĻĒাā§°āĻĻā§°্āĻļিāϤা
tracker: āĻĒāĻĻāϚিāĻš্āύ āĻ…āύুāϏ⧰āĻŖāĻ•াā§°ী
distinctive: āϏ্āĻŦāϤāύ্āϤ্ā§° / āύিā§°্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ
unwilling: āĻ…āύিāϚ্āĻ›ুāĻ•
secures: āϏংāĻ—্ā§°āĻš āϕ⧰ে / āϏুā§°āĻ•্āώিāϤ āϕ⧰ে
prey: āϚিāĻ•াā§°
leopards: āύাāĻšā§°āĻĢুāϟুāĻ•ী āĻŦাāϘāĻŦোā§°
analyzed: āĻŦিāĻļ্āϞেāώāĻŖ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ
carcasses: āĻŽā§°াāĻļāĻŦোā§°
wounds: āϘাঁ / āφāϘাāϤāĻŦোā§°
unhealed: āύুāĻļুāĻ•ুā§ąা
gunshots: āĻŦāύ্āĻĻুāϕ⧰ āĻ—ুāϞী
porcupine: āĻļিāϝ়াāϞāĻ•াঁāχāϟ
incapable: āĻ…āĻ•্āώāĻŽ
compelled: āĻŦাāϧ্āϝ āĻšোā§ąা
responsible: āĻĻাāϝ়ী
preferred: āĻĒāĻ›āύ্āĻĻ āϕ⧰িāĻ›িāϞ
pursuing: āĻ…āύুāϏ⧰āĻŖ āϕ⧰া
dangerous: āĻŦিāĻĒāϜ্āϜāύāĻ•
specific: āύিā§°্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ
withdrawn: āĻĒ্ā§°āϤ্āϝাāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰া

4. Comprehension Solutions & Verb Forms

1. Answer the following questions in complete sentences.

a) Q: What is Nainital and where is it?
Ans: Nainital is a popular hill station and it is located in Uttarakhand.

b) Q: Where does Mr Aditya Sarma work?
Ans: Mr Aditya Sarma works at the Jim Corbett National Park.

c) Q: Which is the oldest National Park in India?
Ans: The Jim Corbett National Park is the oldest national park in India.

d) Q: When and where was Jim Corbett born?
Ans: Jim Corbett was born on 25 July, 1875 in the town of Nainital.

e) Q: What was Corbett's father?
Ans: Corbett's father was a postmaster in Nainital.

f) Q: When and where did Corbett die?
Ans: Jim Corbett died on 19 April, 1955 at the age of 79 in Kenya.

2. What does Corbett say about tigers and leopards?

Ans: According to Corbett, tigers are easier to track and shoot because when a tiger becomes a man-eater, it loses all fear of humans and attacks during the daytime. On the other hand, a leopard never loses its fear of man and is unwilling to face humans in daylight; it secures its prey at night.

3. What were Corbett's conditions for hunting man-eaters?

Ans: Corbett insisted on two conditions: first, that the official reward be withdrawn so he wouldn't become known as a bounty-hunter; and second, that other hunters be withdrawn so he could avoid being accidentally shot at.

4. Find out eight proper nouns and eight common nouns from the lesson.
  • Proper Nouns: Arpita, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India, Aditya Sarma, Jim Corbett National Park, Jim Corbett, Kenya.
  • Common Nouns: vacation, parents, hill station, uncle, family, park, tiger, leopard.
5. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs.
Present Past Past Participle
fascinatefascinatedfascinated
establishestablishedestablished
loselostlost
diedieddied
becomebecamebecome
movemovedmoved
securesecuredsecured
breakbrokebroken
shootshotshot
noticenoticednoticed
causecausedcaused
compelcompelledcompelled
considerconsideredconsidered
preferpreferredpreferred
hunthuntedhunted
withdrawwithdrewwithdrawn

5. Detailed Grammar & Usage (Modal Auxiliaries)

Grammar Concept: Modal Auxiliaries (āĻŽ'āĻĄেāϞ āĻ…āĻ•্āϏিāϞিāϝ়াā§°ী)

1. The use of 'might':

āφāĻŽি āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি āĻŦিāϚাā§°িāĻŦāϞৈ, āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াā§ąāύা āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াāĻļ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āφ⧰ু āĻĒā§°াāĻŽā§°্āĻļ āĻĻিāĻŦāϞৈ 'might' āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰োঁ:

  • i) Might I use your mobile? (āĻŽāχ āφāĻĒোāύাā§° āĻŽ'āĻŦাāχāϞāϟো āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°োঁāύে? - āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি)
  • ii) He might have lost the way to the library. (āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻšāϝ়āϤো āĻĒুāĻĨিāĻ­ঁā§°াāϞāϞৈ āϝোā§ąা ā§°াāϏ্āϤা āĻĒাāĻšā§°ি āĻ—ৈāĻ›ে। - āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­াā§ąāύা)
  • iii) You might go through this book for your assignment. (āϤুāĻŽি āϤোāĻŽাā§° āφāĻ›াāχāύāĻŽেāĻŖ্āϟ⧰ āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻāχ āĻ•িāϤাāĻĒāĻ–āύ āĻĒāĻĸ়িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°া। - āĻĒā§°াāĻŽā§°্āĻļ)

2. The use of 'could':

āφāĻŽি āϏাāĻŽā§°্āĻĨ্āϝ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াāĻļ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āφ⧰ু āĻ…āύুā§°োāϧ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ 'could' āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰োঁ:

  • i) He could play well. (āϤেāĻ“ঁ āĻ­াāϞāĻĻā§°ে āĻ–েāϞিāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāĻ›িāϞ। - āϏাāĻŽā§°্āĻĨ্āϝ)
  • ii) Could you help me in searching my lost watch? (āĻŽোā§° āĻšেā§°ুā§ąা āϘāĻĄ়ীāϟো āĻŦিāϚ⧰াāϤ āϤুāĻŽি āĻŽোāĻ• āϏāĻšাāϝ় āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāĻŦাāύে? - āĻ…āύুā§°োāϧ)

3. The use of 'would':

āφāĻŽি āĻ…āύুā§°োāϧ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āφ⧰ু āĻ…āϤীāϤ⧰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝাāϏ āĻŦুāϜাāĻŦāϞৈ 'would' āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰োঁ:

  • i) Would you lend me your book for two days? (āϤুāĻŽি āĻŽোāĻ• āϤোāĻŽাā§° āĻ•িāϤাāĻĒāĻ–āύ āĻĻুāĻĻিāύ⧰ āĻŦাāĻŦে āϧাā§°āϞৈ āĻĻিāĻŦাāύে? - āĻ…āύুā§°োāϧ)
  • ii) Would you like to have a cup of tea with me? (āϤুāĻŽি āĻŽোā§° āϞāĻ—āϤ āĻāĻ•াāĻĒ āϚাāĻš āĻ–াāĻŦāϞৈ āĻ­াāϞ āĻĒাāĻŦাāύে? - āĻ…āύুā§°োāϧ)
  • iii) My grandfather would walk for an hour in the morning. (āĻŽোā§° āĻ•āĻ•াāĻ•ে ā§°াāϤিāĻĒুā§ąা āĻāϘāĻŖ্āϟা āĻ–োāϜ āĻ•াāĻĸ়িāĻ›িāϞ। - āĻ…āϤীāϤ⧰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝাāϏ)

4. The use of 'shall' and 'will':

āφāĻŽি āĻĻৃāĻĸ় āϏংāĻ•āϞ্āĻĒ, āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāĻļ্ā§°ুāϤি, āφāĻĻেāĻļ āφ⧰ু āĻ­াāĻŦুāĻ•ি āĻŦুāϜাāĻŦāϞৈ 'shall' āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰োঁ:

  • i) Our soldiers shall save the country. (āφāĻŽাā§° āϏৈāύ্āϝāϏāĻ•āϞে āĻĻেāĻļāĻ–āύ ā§°āĻ•্āώা āϕ⧰িāĻŦāχ। - āĻĻৃāĻĸ় āϏংāĻ•āϞ্āĻĒ)
  • ii) Ritika shall get a beautiful present from me on her birthday. (ā§°িāϤিāĻ•াāχ āϤাāχ⧰ āϜāύ্āĻŽāĻĻিāύāϤ āĻŽোā§° āĻĒā§°া āĻāϟা āϧুāύীāϝ়া āωāĻĒāĻšাā§° āĻĒাāĻŦ। - āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāĻļ্ā§°ুāϤি)
  • iii) You shall obey your teachers' orders. (āϤুāĻŽি āϤোāĻŽাā§° āĻļিāĻ•্āώāϕ⧰ āφāĻĻেāĻļ āĻŽাāύি āϚāϞিāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—িāĻŦ। - āφāĻĻেāĻļ)
  • iv) Everyone of the group shall suffer for their misdeeds. (āĻ—োāϟāϟোā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϤ্āϝেāĻ•েāχ āϤেāĻ“ঁāϞোāϕ⧰ āĻŦেāϝ়া āĻ•াāĻŽā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻĻুāĻ– āĻ­োāĻ— āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—িāĻŦ। - āĻ­াāĻŦুāĻ•ি)

āφāĻŽি āĻĻৃāĻĸ় āϏংāĻ•āϞ্āĻĒ, āĻŦā§°্āϤāĻŽাāύ āĻ•াāϞ⧰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝাāϏ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াāĻļ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ āφ⧰ু āĻ…āύুā§°োāϧ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ 'will' āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰োঁ:

  • i) We will save our country. (āφāĻŽি āφāĻŽাā§° āĻĻেāĻļ ā§°āĻ•্āώা āϕ⧰িāĻŽেāχ। - āĻĻৃāĻĸ় āϏংāĻ•āϞ্āĻĒ)
  • ii) She will watch TV for many hours at a stretch. (āϤাāχ āĻāĻ•েā§°াāĻšে āĻŦāĻšু āϘāĻŖ্āϟা āϧ⧰ি āϟিāĻ­ি āϚাāĻŦ। - āĻ…āĻ­্āϝাāϏ)
  • iii) Will you help me in baking a cake? (āϤুāĻŽি āĻŽোāĻ• āĻ•েāĻ• āĻŦāύোā§ąাāϤ āϏāĻšাāϝ় āϕ⧰িāĻŦাāύে? - āĻ…āύুā§°োāϧ)

5. The use of 'need':

āφāĻŽি āĻĒ্ā§°āϝ়োāϜāύীāϝ়āϤা āĻŦা āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāĻŦাāϧāĻ•āϤা āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াāĻļ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ 'need' āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰োঁ:

  • i) You need not come here. (āϤুāĻŽি āχāϝ়াāϞৈ āĻ…āĻšাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϝ়োāϜāύ āύাāχ। - āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāĻŦাāϧāĻ•āϤা)
  • ii) You need not go there. (āϤুāĻŽি āϤাāϞৈ āϝোā§ąাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϝ়োāϜāύ āύাāχ। - āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāĻŦাāϧāĻ•āϤা)
  • iii) Need you go there? (āϤুāĻŽি āϤাāϞৈ āϝোā§ąাā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϝ়োāϜāύ āφāĻ›েāύে? - āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāĻŦাāϧāĻ•āϤা)

6. The use of 'dare':

āφāĻŽি āϏাāĻšāϏ āφ⧰ু āĻ–ং āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াāĻļ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ 'dare' āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰োঁ:

  • i) I dare not approach my father. (āĻŽāχ āĻŽোā§° āĻĻেāωāϤাā§° āĻ“āϚ⧰āϞৈ āϝাāĻŦāϞৈ āϏাāĻšāϏ āύāϕ⧰োঁ। - āϏাāĻšāϏ)
  • ii) Dare you face him? (āϤুāĻŽি āϤেāĻ“ঁā§° āϏāύ্āĻŽুāĻ–ীāύ āĻš'āĻŦāϞৈ āϏাāĻšāϏ āϕ⧰িāĻŦাāύে? - āϏাāĻšāϏ)
  • iii) How dare you touch my drawer? (āĻŽোā§° āĻĄ্ā§°āϝ়াā§°āϟো āϚুāĻŦāϞৈ āϤোāĻŽাā§° āĻ•ি āϏাāĻšāϏ? - āĻ–ং)

7. The use of 'ought to':

āφāĻŽি āĻĒā§°াāĻŽā§°্āĻļ āφ⧰ু āύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāĻŦাāϧāĻ•āϤা āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াāĻļ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ 'ought to' āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰োঁ:

  • i) You ought to respect your elders. (āϤুāĻŽি āϤোāĻŽাā§° āϜ্āϝেāώ্āĻ āϏāĻ•āϞāĻ• āϏāύ্āĻŽাāύ āϕ⧰া āωāϚিāϤ। - āύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻŦাāϧ্āϝāĻŦাāϧāĻ•āϤা)
  • ii) You ought to watch this good film. (āϤুāĻŽি āĻāχ āĻ­াāϞ āϚিāύেāĻŽাāĻ–āύ āϚোā§ąা āωāϚিāϤ। - āĻĒā§°াāĻŽā§°্āĻļ)
  • iii) You oughtn't to drive so fast. (āϤুāĻŽি āχāĻŽাāύ āϜোā§°েā§°ে āĻ—াāĻĄ়ী āϚāϞোā§ąা āωāϚিāϤ āύāĻšāϝ়। - āĻĒā§°াāĻŽā§°্āĻļ)
  • iv) Ought I to write to say thank you? (āĻŽāχ āϧāύ্āϝāĻŦাāĻĻ āϜāύাāĻŦāϞৈ āϞিāĻ–া āωāϚিāϤ āύেāĻ•ি? - āĻĒā§°াāĻŽā§°্āĻļ āĻŦিāϚ⧰া)

8. The use of 'used to':

āφāĻŽি āĻ…āϤীāϤ⧰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝাāϏ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াāĻļ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ 'used to' āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰োঁ।

  • i) I used to go for a morning walk near the river. (āĻŽāχ āύāĻĻীā§° āĻĒাā§°āϤ ā§°াāϤিāĻĒুā§ąা āĻ–োāϜ āĻ•াāĻĸ়িāĻŦāϞৈ āĻ—ৈāĻ›িāϞো। - āĻ…āϤীāϤ⧰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝাāϏ)
  • ii) She used not to tell a lie ever in life. (āϤাāχ āϜীā§ąāύāϤ āĻ•েāϤিāϝ়াāĻ“ āĻŽিāĻ›া āĻ•āĻĨা āύোāĻ•োā§ąাā§° āĻ…āĻ­্āϝাāϏ āφāĻ›িāϞ। - āĻ…āϤীāϤ⧰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝাāϏ)
  • iii) Used you to go for a regular walk in your college days? (āϤুāĻŽি āϤোāĻŽাā§° āĻ•āϞেāϜীāϝ়া āĻĻিāύāĻŦোā§°āϤ āύিāϝ়āĻŽীāϝ়াāĻ•ৈ āĻ–োāϜ āĻ•াāĻĸ়িāĻŦāϞৈ āĻ—ৈāĻ›িāϞাāύে? - āĻ…āϤীāϤ⧰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝাāϏ)
Activity 1: Fill in the blanks with appropriate modal auxiliaries.
  • i) Q: We _____ help the poor and the needy. (moral obligation)
    Ans: We ought to help the poor and the needy.
  • ii) Q: My grandmother _____ read newspapers in the morning. (past habit)
    Ans: My grandmother used to (or would) read newspapers in the morning.
  • iii) Q: He _____ swim in the hazardous river of his village when he was in school. (courage)
    Ans: He dared swim in the hazardous river of his village when he was in school.
  • iv) Q: We _____ read good books. (necessity)
    Ans: We need to (or must) read good books.
  • v) Q: _____ I sit near you? (permission)
    Ans: Might I sit near you?
  • vi) Q: _____ you lend me some money? (request)
    Ans: Would (or Could) you lend me some money?
  • vii) Q: The king _____ go for hunt to the remote jungles of his territory. (past habit)
    Ans: The king used to (or would) go for hunt to the remote jungles of his territory.
  • viii) Q: I _____ help you in your need. (promise)
    Ans: I will (or shall) help you in your need.
  • ix) Q: My sister _____ munch on chips and chocolates while watching TV. (habit)
    Ans: My sister will munch on chips and chocolates while watching TV.
  • x) Q: Everyone _____ abide by the order of their captain. (command)
    Ans: Everyone shall abide by the order of their captain.

6. Phrasal Verbs & Idioms

Phrasal Verbs (āĻĢ্ā§°েāϜেāϞ āĻ­াā§°্āĻŦ)

Go by [āĻŽাāύি āϚāϞা]: I must go by the advice of my parents.
(āĻŽāχ āĻŽোā§° āĻĒিāϤৃ-āĻŽাāϤৃā§° āωāĻĒāĻĻেāĻļ āĻŽাāύি āϚāϞিāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—িāĻŦ।)

Hand Over [āĻ—āϤাāχ āĻĻিāϝ়া]: The thief was handed over to the police.
(āϚোā§°āϟোāĻ• āφ⧰āĻ•্āώীā§° āĻšাāϤāϤ āĻ—āϤাāχ āĻĻিāϝ়া āĻšৈāĻ›িāϞ।)

Hang up [āĻ“āϞোāĻŽাāχ āĻĨোā§ąা]: The headmaster asked the peon to hang up the notice on the wall.
(āĻĒ্ā§°āϧাāύ āĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻ•ে āĻĒিāϝ়āύāϜāύāĻ• āϜাāύāύীāĻ–āύ āĻŦেā§°āϤ āĻ“āϞোāĻŽাāχ āĻĨ'āĻŦāϞৈ āĻ•ৈāĻ›িāϞ।)

Hold back [āϞুāĻ•ুā§ąাāχ ā§°āĻ–া]: Don't hold back the secret from me.
(āĻŽোā§° āĻĒā§°া āĻ—োāĻĒāύ āĻ•āĻĨাāϟো āϞুāĻ•ুā§ąাāχ āύাā§°াāĻ–িāĻŦা।)

Idioms (āĻĢāϕ⧰া-āϝোāϜāύা / āϜāϤুā§ąা āĻ াঁāϚ)

At sixes and sevens [āĻ–েāϞিāĻŽেāϞিāĻ•ৈ]: The toys were lying at sixes and sevens on the floor.
(āĻ–েāϞāύাāĻŦোā§° āĻŽāϜিāϝ়াāϤ āĻ–েāϞিāĻŽেāϞিāĻ•ৈ āĻĒā§°ি āφāĻ›িāϞ।)

At the eleventh hour [āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাā§°ে āĻļেāώ āĻŽুāĻšূā§°্āϤāϤ]: The doctor came to the patient at the eleventh hour.
(āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏāĻ•āϜāύ āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাā§°ে āĻļেāώ āĻŽুāĻšূā§°্āϤāϤ ā§°োāĻ—ীāϜāύ⧰ āĻ“āϚ⧰āϞৈ āφāĻšিāĻ›িāϞ।)

Bad blood [āĻļāϤ্ā§°ুāϤা āĻŦা āĻŦেāϝ়া āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒā§°্āĻ•]: Now there is bad blood between the two friends.
(āĻāϤিāϝ়া āĻŦāύ্āϧু āĻĻুāϜāύ⧰ āĻŽাāϜāϤ āĻļāϤ্ā§°ুāϤা āĻŦা āĻŦেāϝ়া āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒā§°্āĻ• āφāĻ›ে।)

7. Study Tips for Students (āĻĒāĻĸ়াā§° āϟিāĻĒāĻ›) 📚✨

  • ā§§. āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟোā§° 'āĻ­াā§ą'ā§° (Feeling) āĻ“āĻĒā§°āϤ āĻ—ুā§°ুāϤ্āĻŦ āĻĻিāϝ়āĻ•:
    āĻŽ'āĻĄেāϞāĻŦোā§°ে āϏāĻĻাāϝ় āĻāϟা āύিā§°্āĻĻিāώ্āϟ āĻ†ā§ąেāĻ— āĻŦা āĻĒ্ā§°āϝ়োāϜāύীāϝ়āϤা āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াāĻļ āϕ⧰ে (āϝেāύে- āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤিā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে might āĻŦা āĻ…āϤীāϤ⧰ āĻ…āĻ­্āϝাāϏ⧰ āĻŦাāĻŦে used to)। āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝāϟোā§° āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨ āĻŦুāϜি āĻĒাāϞে āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻŽ'āĻĄেāϞ āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰াāϟো āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাā§°ে āϏāĻšāϜ āĻšৈ āĻĒā§°ে।
  • ⧍. āĻŽāύāϤ ā§°াāĻ–িāĻŦāϞāĻ—ীāϝ়া āĻŽূāϞ āϝোā§°াāϏāĻŽূāĻš (Key Pairings):
    • 'Ought to' āφ⧰ু 'Should'-āĻ āĻĒ্ā§°াāϝ় āĻāĻ•ে āĻ…ā§°্āĻĨ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•াāĻļ āϕ⧰ে (āĻĒā§°াāĻŽā§°্āĻļ āĻŦা āϕ⧰্āϤāĻŦ্āϝ āĻŦুāϜাāĻŦāϞৈ)।
    • 'Could' āϏāĻĻাāϝ় 'Can'-ā§° āĻ…āϤীāϤ ā§°ূāĻĒ āĻšāϝ় āφ⧰ু āχāϝ়াāĻ• āύāĻŽ্ā§°āϤাā§°ে āĻ…āύুā§°োāϧ āϕ⧰িāĻŦāϞৈ (polite requests) āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšাā§° āϕ⧰া āĻšāϝ়।
  • ā§Š. āĻŦাāϏ্āĻ¤ā§ą āϜীā§ąāύ⧰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϝ⧰ āϏৈāϤে āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύ āϕ⧰āĻ•:
    āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāϟো āĻŽ'āĻĄেāϞ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻā§° āϏৈāϤে āĻĻিāύāϟোā§° āĻāĻ•োāϟা āĻŦাāϏ্āĻ¤ā§ą āĻĒā§°িāϏ্āĻĨিāϤি āϏংāϝোāĻ— āϕ⧰ি āĻ…āύুāĻļীāϞāύ āϕ⧰āĻ•। āϝেāύে: "I used to play cricket in school." āύিāϜ⧰ āωāĻĻাāĻšā§°āĻŖāĻŦোā§° āϏোāύāĻ•াāϞে āĻŽāύāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে!

8. FAQs on the Chapter

Q. Why is the oldest national park in India named after Jim Corbett?

Ans: The park was named after Jim Corbett to honor him. Even though he hunted man-eating tigers and leopards to save villagers, he was actually a great conservationist and nature lover who worked to protect wildlife.

Q. What was the major difference Jim Corbett found between tigers and leopards?

Ans: Corbett noticed that a man-eating tiger loses all its fear of human beings and attacks them during the daytime. However, a leopard never loses its fear of humans and usually attacks at night or by breaking into houses.

Q. What is a Modal Auxiliary?

Ans: A modal auxiliary is a type of helping verb that is used to express ability, possibility, permission, or obligation. Examples include can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must.

Final Thoughts

We hope these complete Assam Jatiya Bidyalay Class 7 English Lesson 10 notes were super helpful for you! The story of Jim Corbett teaches us to respect wildlife, while the grammar section builds your foundation in English writing. Keep practicing the exercises, follow the study tips, and if you have any questions, feel free to drop a comment below!

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